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The Fractured Himalaya: India China Tibe: India Tibet China 1949-62 Hardcover – 25 October 2021
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A deep dive into understanding India-China relations
Why did India and China go to war in 1962? What propelled Jawaharlal Nehru's 'vision' of China? Why is it necessary to understand the trans-Himalayan power play of India and China in the formative period
of their nationhoods? The past shadows the present in this relationship and shapes current policy options, strongly influencing public debate in India to this day.
Nirupama Rao, a former Foreign Secretary of India, unknots this intensely complex saga of the early years of the India-China relationship. As a diplomat-practitioner, Rao's telling is based not only on archival material from India, China, Britain and the United States, but also on a deep personal knowledge of China, where she served as India's Ambassador. In addition, she brings a practitioner's keen eye to the labyrinth of negotiations and official interactions that took place between the two countries from 1949 to 1962.
The Fractured Himalaya looks at the inflection points when the trajectory of diplomacy between these two nations could have course-corrected but did not. Importantly, it dwells on the strategic dilemma posed by Tibet in relations between India and China-a dilemma that is far from being resolved. The question of Tibet is closely interwoven into the fabric of this history. It also turns the searchlight on the key personalities involved-Jawaharlal Nehru, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the 14th Dalai Lama-and their interactions as the tournament of those years was played out, moving step by closer step to the conflict of 1962.
- ISBN-100670088293
- ISBN-13978-0670088294
- PublisherPenguin Viking
- Publication date25 October 2021
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions15.88 x 3.81 x 23.5 cm
- Print length640 pages
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Review
Ambassador Nirupama Rao has written a brilliant and fascinating narrative of India's road to war with China in 1962. In this tragic decade-long saga of missed opportunities, with each side misreading the other, Ambassador Rao has mined the archives to disentangle the complicated story of how minor divisions and disagreements between these two countries that would have been easy to resolve early on were allowed to fester and grow, until they culminated in an unnecessary and fruitless war, which left both sides diminished. This is a book full of profound and revealing insights about the making of foreign policy, constant reminders that even the wisest of statesmen can find themselves blinded by hope and fall prey to their own illusions. -- Liaquat Ahamed, Award-winning Author, Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World (Pulitzer Prize for History, 2010)
This is a study that is thoroughly researched, scrupulously argued, fair-minded and elegantly written. It combines the historian's rigor with the practitioner's insight as well as a sane appreciation of the benefits and limits of hindsight. The book deserves a wide readership, especially in light of where we are with China today. -- Srinath Raghavan, historian and author
Fluent, analytical, and wise, Nirupama Rao's book is a tour de force. This is the most readable, informed, and documented account of India-China relations in the Nehru years. One of India's most seasoned and scholarly diplomats, Rao vividly lays bare the thinking and decision-making of Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese leaders leading up to the war of 1962. -- Kanti Bajpai, Wilmar Professor of Asian Studies, National University of Singapore
A rare gem of a book that combines deep scholarship with felicitous writing. Nirupama Menon Rao's unique knowledge and experience brings to life and makes accessible the important triangular interplay between India, Tibet and China which had such significant effects on all three polities and peoples, and on Asia as a whole, which still resonate to this day. As relations between the three polities are being recast and contested again, there is no better guide than Nirupama Rao to show us how the past illuminates the future. Her book is essential reading for an understanding of this part of the world. -- Shivshankar Menon, former National Security Adviser, India and Foreign Secretary, and author
In The Fractured Himalaya, Nirupama Menon Rao has written a compelling, insightful, detailed history of how India and newly-Communist China dealt with one another in their earliest years, from the friendship of the early 1950s to the 1962 war. Her account is full of insights about the leading figures, from Nehru to Sardar Patel in India to Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to, above all, the current Dalai Lama, whom the author interviewed at length about Tibet in the 1950's and the sequence of events leading up to his flight from Lhasa. This is both an authoritative history and a smooth-reading narrative. -- James Mann, former China correspondent for the Los Angeles Times, author of three books about the United States and China
Combining deep research with an engaging literary style, this book is a must read for anyone interested in India's foreign and defence policies. -- Chandrashekhar Dasgupta, Indian Diplomat, Ambassador and Author
Nirupama Rao has written a fascinating and deeply researched history of the interactions among India, Tibet and China during the short thirteen years between the founding of the PRC (1949) and the India-China War (1962), as their initial desire for 'brotherly friendship' deteriorated into military confrontation.
Rao utilizes her unique perspective as a historian-diplomat with years of experience dealing with China to explain the logic behind the decisions of the key players in the drama, especially the tragic hero of the story, Jawaharlal Nehru. The book provides crucial lessons from history to guide contemporary efforts to preserve peace between these two rising Asian powers.
Nirupama Rao, uniquely combining stellar diplomatic experience and deep scholarship, provides profound insights into why the initially-friendly relations between Communist China and Democratic India gave way to the Chinese invasion of 1962. With the two giants confronting each other anew, this fabulous book is indispensable reading. -- Padma Desai, Gladys and Roland Harriman Professor of Comparative Economic Systems Emerita, Columbia University, New York
In her book The Fractured Himalaya, Ambassador Nirupama Rao draws on an unprecedented diversity of sources, primary and secondary, to provide amazing breadth of analysis and insight on the history of India's relations with China covering the period from 1947 to 1962. Rao is erudite, multi-textured and highly nuanced. Her sensitive and balanced portrayal of the complex relationships between various key actors during this complicated period of Asia's early post-colonial history is truly impressive. A definitive work. -- Vijay Nambiar, Indian diplomat, Chef de Cabinet to the U.N. Secretary-General, Ban Ki Moon, and a former Indian Ambassador to China
The Fractured Himalaya is a deeply researched, critical and lucid discussion of the complex diplomatic processes that led to the Sino-Indian war of 1962, identifying much that has been overlooked or misread. More importantly, it requires us to engage with the multiple perspectives that shaped the decisions and calculations of policy-makers on all sides at the time. This leads it to be not just a highly readable historical analysis, but also a detailed demonstration of the intellectual rigour and breadth that are needed if policy practitioners and analysts are ever to resolve major conflicts or balance competing national interests. With its emphasis on the necessity of maintaining highly informed but flexible approaches in policy-making, alongside its attention to borders as zones of connection rather than as dividing lines, it should be required reading for all interested in the study or practice of diplomacy and international negotiation. -- Robert Barnett, scholar of Tibet, Author, Professorial Research Associate, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
This elegantly written book illuminates the dark corners of the India-China relationship in its foundational period - from the birth of a Communist China to a war that inflicted defeat on India. It is especially relevant today, as tensions and clashes on the border have returned. Why were the two Asian giants, both emerging from the shadow of imperialist control, unable to solve their border dispute? We learn that Mao craftily combined anti-imperialism with nationalism, as Nehru sought to turn his anti-imperialism into an attempt at post-imperial, anti-war high-mindedness, an attempt that eventually failed. Combining meticulous archival research with the subtle gaze of a professional diplomat, Nirupama Rao has produced a historical account that compels reflection and deserves wide readership. -- Ashutosh Varshney, Sol Goldman Professor of International Studies and the Social Sciences, Brown University
Anyone who wishes to understand the geostrategic complexities of the high Himlayas and the origins of the India-China rivalry must read this book. An extraordinary work of historical scholarship, which richly sourced based on a range of government archives and interviews with key players, Ambassador Nirupama Rao's expose is elegantly written and offers nuanced texture to the origins of Sino-Indian frictions during the 1950s-1960s that still resonate today. Not only are the territorial, border, diplomatic, and security dimensions carefully dealt with, but she reveals the centrality of the Tibet issue (which is not well understood). A signal accomplishment that should be carefully read by all concerned. -- Professor David Shambaugh, George Washington University, and author of China's Leaders: From Mao to Now
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Product details
- Publisher : Penguin Viking (25 October 2021)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 640 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0670088293
- ISBN-13 : 978-0670088294
- Item Weight : 912 g
- Dimensions : 15.88 x 3.81 x 23.5 cm
- Country of Origin : India
- Best Sellers Rank: #108,459 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #457 in International Relations & Globalization
- #2,090 in Words, Language & Grammar
- #10,020 in History (Books)
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Will researched and written in a scholarly manner. One should read it not only to understand Sino India relations but also how to write a will researched book. Worth my time and money. Many times. My sincere appreciation to the author for this book.
The author however is a practitioner-diplomat not a scholar compiling material for posterity. The purpose of the book therefore unclear. The author accepts that she is not treading new ground: the material in the book is already in the public domain but dispersed. She can thus be thanked for collating the available material in one book. Possibly a great help to future students working on their MA theses.
The author states in the "Introduction" that the book is intended for the younger generation, the that today has no memory of the events of 1962. The book however is far too long winded for the younger generation or for any lay reader. It follows a linear time based narrative. Nothing much happens in most of the middle chapters: endless repetitions of the Indian and Chinese positions.
I read the first few chapter of the book, then got bored because the material was repetitive. I then jumped to Chapter 15 which I found to be the most interesting of the chapters that I read. Terrible reading for an Indian actually: by mid 1962 the Indian leadership had realised that a war was around the corner. It knew by then that it couldn't win a war with China and desperately sought a face saving solution. Sadly the leadership had by then painted itself into a corner with its tough public posturing. Whatever China offered was politically not good enough. India thus walked into a most humiliating defeat.
The "Coda" to the book is possibly the most interesting part of the book. The author asks the question: that even with the benefit of hindsight what are the things that we could have done differently in 1962. Since the author has no answer to offer, she quickly applies the gloss and moves on to generalities.
I hope that the present Indian leadership does have answers to the "China" question. It would be an unfathomable tragedy if, in similar circumstances, we are again found short.
To sum up up, the chapters 3 to 14 of the book could have been compressed into two or at best three chapters. The "Coda" needs to answer the question raised, vague generalities are no answer 60 years after the event. I hope the author will give these suggestions thought in the next edition of the book.
To conclude, at the beginning of the book the author takes a dig at Mr. Nehru. She quotes Isaiah Berlin to describe Mr. Nehru as someone who knew many things but found it difficult to deduce the core meaning of any one of them, fully. I think I can, without being unkind, say the same about the author too.
The only downside is that there are no maps included at all which otherwise would have given a much better feel on the ongoing issues. I have a kindle version so not sure if it's the same even in the hard copy version.